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INSIGHT INSIGHT
Eco-Glossary treatment plants at paper mills neutralise produced from it is weak and of lower quality Recyclable
the effluent so water can be returned to than that produced from chemical woodpulp. All paper is theoretically recyclable, but systems
Acid-Free the environment and effluent solids can be Used for newsprint. must be in place to ensure that it actually happens
Papers that are free from traces of acid, i.e. reused as a soil conditioner. before this term can be applied.
made under neutral sizing conditions. Mill Broke
EMAS (European Eco-Management and Waste paper produced by mills during the Recycled Fibre
Alternative Fibre Audit Scheme) papermaking process that has traditionally been Fibre obtained from recovered paper.
Alternative pulps to woodpulps used in A voluntary environmental management reused in manufacturing paper, e.g. trimmings,
papermaking such as hemp, esparto, system for companies and organisations in faulty paper etc. Not strictly speaking recycled, Recycled Paper
bamboo or cotton. Sometimes referred Europe based on EU regulations. This standard but better than sending it to landfill. Also known A broad term that needs to be clearly defined.
to as ‘tree-free’. requires public reporting on progress as ‘Mill Waste’. Recycled paper could mean anything from 100%
towards environmental targets and rigorous post-consumer waste to paper made from paper-
Annual Renewable environmental management. Napm Recycled machine offcuts. There is no one clear definition
Crops harvested annually as an alternative The National Association of Paper Merchants of a recycled paper, so it is best to specify the fibre
to woodpulps (as above). EMS (Environmental Management System) uses an ABCD classification system to identify content.
An internal system for handling the content and source of waste fibre used to
Biodegradable environmental issues within a company. It sets make recycled paper. It specifies that, in order Recycling Symbol
Waste material composed primarily of requirements for how activities impacting on to be certified recycled, a paper must “contain Found on paper and other materials that, partly or
constituent parts that occur naturally, are the environment shall be accounted for and a minimum 75% genuine waste” (post- or pre- wholly, are manufactured from recycled material.
able to be decomposed by bacteria or documented. The existing standardisation consumer waste, see
www.napm.org.uk).
fungi, and are absorbed into the ecosystem. systems in Europe are ISO 14001 and EMAS. Sustainable
Paper is normally biodegradable. Oxygen Bleaching Sustainability is all about preserving the world’s
Forest Certification A process in which oxygen is used to facilitate natural resources for future generations. A fully
Bleached Pulp A process of labelling wood that has been a reduction in other bleaching compounds sustainable industry would be one that has zero
Pulp whose natural brightness has been harvested from a well-managed forest. and an essential component for TCF woodpulp impact, or a positive impact, on the environment.
improved using chemicals. Not all forest certification schemes production. This term is regularly misused.
can guarantee timber does come from well-
Bleaching managed forests. Ozone Bleaching Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI)
Bleaching method employing chlorine or Ozone allows bleaching to high brightness with A system of principles, objectives and performance
other chemicals to whiten the colour of the FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) reduced amounts of chlorine chemicals or without measures developed by professional foresters,
woodpulp used in papermaking. An international, non-governmental chlorine chemicals at all. conservationists and scientists among others that
organisation that promotes responsible and is based on the perpetual growing and harvesting
Blue Angel sustainable forest management. The FSC Paper Grades of trees.
A German eco-label for recycled paper. system of forest certification and product Paper is classified into different grades according
labelling allows papermakers to identify to the end use, the pulp used and the treatment of Sustainable Forests
Certification woodpulp that comes from well-managed the paper. Sustainable forests are those that are planned and
The process of evaluating practices forests. Its chain-of-custody sources managed to achieve environmental, social and
against an agreed standard by an woodpulp from the forest to the final user. Peroxide Bleaching economic targets. There are a number of schemes
accredited independent third party. FSC is the only eco-label endorsed by Method of bleaching woodpulp with hydrogen for certifying this and the term is often misused. The
WWF, Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace peroxide to remove lignin; used in conjunction Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is the only one
Chain of Custody and the Woodland Trust. with other non-chlorine bleaching compounds, it that is recognised by Greenpeace and other major
The step-by-step verification process through reduces or removes entirely the need for chlorine environmental organisations.
which products are traced from their origin Furnish dioxide in final bleaching.
to the end product. For paper this means the The mixture of various pulps—or raw TCF (Totally Chlorine-Free)
forest to the finished product. materials—used in the manufacture of Post-Consumer Waste Paper made from woodpulps bleached without
paper. Main constituents are wood or Waste collected after the consumer has used the use of chlorine chemicals, i.e. no chlorine gas
Chemical Woodpulp other pulps, sizing material, fillers, dyes and disposed of it. Recovered printed materials or chlorine dioxide.
Produced by cooking wood chips in a and other additives. that can be de-inked to form a recycled pulp.
pressure vessel with cooking liquor. Thinning
The chemicals in the liquid dissolve the ISO 14001 Pre-Consumer Waste A practice in which certain trees are removed
lignin, so the fibres are liberated. (See lignin.) International Environmental Management Also known as best white waste, typically these are from a dense stand to allow the remaining trees
The woodpulp is used to produce Standard. This specifies the actual unprinted offcuts, scraps, trimmings, overruns, etc, adequate sunlight, nutrients and moisture to
higher-quality papers, as the fibres are requirements for an environmental from printers and converters that are then formed grow at an even rate.
longer and stronger. management system. It applies to into a recycled pulp.
those environmental aspects over which Virgin Fibre
Chlorine the organisation has control and can Processed Chlorine-Free Wood fibre that has never been used in the
A bleaching agent used in the be expected to have an influence. ISO Recycled paper in which the recycled fibre manufacture of paper or board.
woodpulp production process to create 14001 is not a label signifying a ‘green’ or content is unbleached or bleached without
whiter, stronger paper. ‘environmentally friendly’ product. chlorine or chlorine derivatives. Any virgin material Wood-Free Paper
portion of the paper must be TCF. Paper made from chemical woodpulps. It does
De-inking Lignin not contain any mechanical pulp beyond a
Removal of printing ink and impurities from Wood is made up of cellulose fibres Pulp permissible content of 5 per cent by mass.
recovered paper to produce recycled fibre and lignin. The lignin acts as glue, which Cellulose fibre that has been separated from a
pulp with improved whiteness and purity. binds all the fibres together. Lignin is plant into a form suitable for the manufacture Woodpulp
removed to make chemical woodpulp in of paper. Fibrous material prepared from wood or recovered
ECF (Elemental Chlorine-Free) the papermaking process. waste paper processed into pulp either by
Woodpulps bleached without the use of Rag Paper mechanical or chemical means, for use in the
chlorine gas, a product found to cause toxins Longlife Paper Papers made from cotton fibres. manufacturing of paper or cellulose products.
in pulp mill effluents. Paper made in accordance with ISO
9706 to contain an alkali reserve to give Recovered Paper A full version of this guide, which was created
Effluent it characteristics of permanence. Paper recovered for recycling into new paper by Curtis Fine Papers (in conjunction with
Waste liquid discharge from the products. Greenpeace and Grafik), can be downloaded
papermaking process, usually including Mechanical Woodpulp from the Curtis Fine Papers website:
a small amount of suspended solids and This is produced by mechanically separating
www.curtisfinepapers.com.
dissolved chemicals. Biological effluent the cellulose fibres in the wood. Paper
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