2
Topics / Ideas Responses χ df p-value Sig.
(out of 81)
-26
the idea that matter is made of particles 81 123.1 3 *** 1.66 × 10
-23
s, l, & and changes of state 80 109.9 3 *** 1.15 × 10
-14
food & nutrition 79 65.46 3 *** 4.01 × 10
-6
81 32.89 4 *** hotter ≡ particles moving more 1.26 × 10
vigorously

-10
the idea of kinetic (movement) energy 81 46.56 3 *** 4.32 × 10
-11
forms of energy 81 51.69 3 *** 3.48 × 10
-10
sources of energy for e.g. electricity 81 45.17 3 *** 8.5 × 10
-9
chemical reactions 81 42.41 3 *** 3.29 × 10
-8
respiration in humans 80 35.50 3 *** 9.55 × 10
-13
food chains and webs 79 66.76 4 *** 1.1 × 10
-11
the transfer of energy 81 49.72 3 *** 9.18 × 10
-13
photosynthesis 80 63.50 4 *** 5.33 × 10
-13
energy & the environment 80 63.63 4 *** 5.01 × 10
-6
energy transformations 79 28.70 3 *** 2.59 × 10
-16
Fuels 80 79.25 *** 2.51 × 10
Gravitational potential energy – idea 81 18.01 3 0.000437 ***

-9
the loudness of sound 79 42.67 3 *** 2.89 × 10
-7
alternative / renewable energy sources 80 31.30 3 *** 7.35 × 10
-6
energy in food chains 79 29.10 3 *** 2.13 × 10
-6
chemical bonds 81 26.80 3 *** 6.48 × 10
-8
exothermic and endothermic reactions 79 35.68 3 *** 8.74 × 10

-25
gravitational potential energy – 80 117.8 3 *** 2.3 × 10
calculations
-25
calculations involving kinetic energy 79 115.1 3 *** 8.87 × 10
-13
81 64.62 4 *** work = force × distance 3.1 × 10
-10
entropy / the second law of 68 43.18 2 *** 4.21 × 10
thermodynamics

diagrams for energy transfer e.g. Sankey 77 3.883 3 0.2744 n/s
idea – energy spreads out and becomes 81 6.062 3 0.1086 n/s
unusable

respiration in plants 79 8.746 3 0.03285 *
the degradation of energy in any process 75 9.107 3 0.02791 *
the idea of energy efficiency 81 12.98 3 0.00469 **
the law of the conservation of energy 81 13.17 3 0.004277 **
distinction between temperature and 79 17.39 4 0.001621 **
energy

2
Table 4.4.2 Statistics related to the one-sample χ tests applied to the introduction of
statements related to energy. Expected distribution equal in all categories
for test.
(*** p < 0.001; ** p<0.01; * p<0.05; n/s: not significantly different from equal distribution)
106
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