The GHG Protocol Corporate Standard provides or informs the accounting framework for nearly every organization-level GHG standard and programme in the world, including ISO 14064-1, the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, the California Climate Action Registry, the Climate Registry, the China Energy and GHG Management Programme, and national GHG accounting and reporting programmes in Brazil, Mexico, and the Philippines. It is also the basis for the corporate inventories prepared by over 1000 individual companies, including the Ford Motor Company, Sony, General Electric, Norsk Hydro, DuPont, Shell, BP, IKEA and Nike, and more recently the different organizations of the UN system. www.ghgprotocol.org

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Some calculator providers also try to tackle the question of just which emissions you need to calculate. One, the Carbon Trust, has come up with a scheme designed to help companies to measure the total amount of carbon emissions produced by their goods and services. This cradle-to-grave analysis, also known as a lifecycle assessment, offers businesses a profile of the pollution caused by their products, from obtaining raw materials through to delivery, consumption and fi nal disposal. Among the services available from the Carbon Trust is a basic carbon footprint indicator which provides an estimated footprint based on a company’s energy bill and sector. There is also a carbon footprint calculator which will work out a more sophisticated footprint based on fuel and vehicle usage, electricity bill and employee travel. Life Cycle Analysis is a very recent fi eld of GHG accounting with no internationally accepted standards as yet. Beside Carbon Trust ISO, CDP, and GHGP are all working on this.

For larger enterprises there may need to be some differences in approach to the challenge of calculating GHG emissions. Big corporations have a more complex organizational structure than SMEs and different company groups (e.g. group companies/subsidiaries, associated/affi liated companies, non-incorporated joint ventures/partnerships/operations where partners have joint fi nancial control, franchises, etc.). They may decide on one of two ap-proaches to account for their emissions:
the equity share approach – a company accounts for GHG emissions from operations according to its share of equity in the operation. The equity share reflects economic interest, which is the extent of rights a company has to the risks and rewards flowing from an operation;

66 KICK THE HABIT THE CYCLE – COUNT AND ANALYSE