intensive agriculture, and for transporting animals and crops from farm to market. But the main GHGs emitted in agriculture are methane and nitrous oxide, which underlines the need to become climate and not just carbon-neutral. This is mainly due to meat production.

Cattle, water buffalo, sheep and other ruminants are animals with a spe-cial stomach that allows them to digest tough plant material. Digestion produces methane, which the animals get rid of by releasing it at either end. Nitrous oxide release is mostly linked to the use of artifi cial nitrate fertilizers to improve yields. Nitrogen fertilizer in particular is extremely fossil fuel-intensive, requiring 1.5 tonnes of oil equivalents to make 1 tonne of fertilizer.

A 2006 study of the impacts of the food production chain across the Euro-

If you do a life-cycle analysis of the food chain you must factor in agricultural production, manufacturing, refrigeration, transport, packaging, retail, home storage, cooking and waste disposal. Different foods cause impacts at different stages. Potatoes, chickpeas and tea leaves, for example, need fewer greenhouse gases to grow than they do to cook – baking a potato in an oven, boiling chickpeas for an
hour till soft, or switching the kettle on for tea all consume signifi cant amounts of energy. For frozen vegetables refrigeration is the key emission stage. Considering all these factors and obtaining all the necessary information to do so may be a diffi cult task, therefore doing a qualitative assessment can sometimes be a good alternative and the more practical solution.

pean Union found it accounted for 31 per cent of all EU GHG emissions.

Land use change and deforestation

Another important part of the CO2 in the atmosphere comes from changes in land use, responsible for almost 20 per cent of atmospheric carbon. Trees and other plants remove carbon from the atmosphere in the process of growing. When they decay or are burnt, much of this stored carbon escapes back into the atmosphere.

Deforestation also causes the release of the carbon stored in the soil (as does ploughing), and if the forest is not restored afterwards the land will store much less CO2.

42 KICK THE HABIT THE PROBLEM