Transport-related energy consumption
http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/urban-density-and-transport-related-energy-consumption1

Gigajoules per capita per year
80
Houston
70
Phoenix
Detroit Urban density and
Denver
transport-related
60
Los Angeles
energy consumption
San Francisco
Boston
50
Washington Source: Newman et Kenworthy, 1989;
Chicago
Atlas Environnement du Monde Diplomatique 2007.
New York
40
Toronto
Perth
North American cities
30
Brisbane
Melbourne
Australian cities
Sydney
Hamburg
European cities
Stockholm Asian cities
20 Frankfurt
Zurich
Paris
Brussels
London
Munich
West Berlin
10 Copenhagen Vienna
Tokyo
Amsterdam
Singapore
Hong Kong
Moscow
0
02550 75 100 125 150 200 250 300
Urban density Inhabitants per hectare

and food from the surrounding farmland. The fi rst phase of the city will house up to 80 000 people by 2020 and citizens will be encouraged to make use of the zero-carbon public transport, which will be powered entirely by renewable energy. People arriving at Dongtan, near Shanghai, will leave their cars outside the city, travelling along the shore on foot, bicycle or sustainable public transport. The only vehicles allowed in the city will be powered by electricity or hydrogen. Dongtan will produce its own energy from wind, solar, biofuels and recycled city waste. Gas will be made from

138 KICK THE HABIT THE CYCLE – REDUCE