attempt to stop the
Underground
police, was reported by there was a huge to compete. Although
publication. Despite
news – a voice
both the radical press, expansion in the range of each copy of the Poor
big demonstrations,
for ordinary
and an eyewitness report titles available. The Daily Man’s Guardian (‘A
Wilkes, like Tyndale, Telegraph & Courier, The weekly paper for the
was driven into exile.
people
in The Times. The event,
known as the Peterloo Manchester Guardian people’) or The Charter
When he returned he
• In 1802 William Cobbett
Massacre, along with its (now known as The (‘established by the
started publishing The
launched a radical paper
critical press coverage, Guardian), the tabloid working classes’) might
Middlesex Journal,
called the Political
had a major impact on Titbits, and The Daily be read by up to 20
which pioneered
Register. It had a limited
the Government, and its Mail all started up during people, they could
Parliamentary reporting.
circulation because
views of the press. this period. not afford to print and
Stamp Duty made it very
• In 1836 Stamp Duty was distribute at the same
The Times is
expensive, but Cobbett
drastically cut to support
New tech-
level as the commercial
born – a support
also brought out a
the ‘respectable’ papers; nologies mean press.
for the Crown
comment-only version
and many new papers speedier news...
and Government
called Twopenny Trash,
were launched including • In 1811 the steam-driven
Richer readers
• In 1785 a new title
which was exempt from
Reynolds News, and press was invented, mean more
appeared. The Daily
the tax and sold 60,000
The News of the World leading to a new age of ads – and more
Universal Register was a
copies per week.
(which even then carried print productivity.
papers
commercial advertising
• This was the start of a
a sex and drugs story on • The Times was soon
• As industries expanded,
sheet designed to
radical ‘underground’
its front page!). printing 1,100 single-
advertising increased,
promote a new typeface,
press which for the
• All radical papers were sided copies an hour; by
which allowed the
and was paid by King
first time addressed the
taxed, which meant huge 1827 it was up to 4,000
bigger papers to reduce
George III’s Government
concerns of ordinary
increases in the cost to double-sided copies an
their cover prices,
to print favourable
people who were not
the reader. Since a paper hour.
giving them a further
reports. Nicknamed ‘The
allowed to vote and
might cost the equivalent • The advent of steam
competitive advantage.
Thunderer’, and known
therefore had no voice
of £1.50 today, readers trains meant newspapers
Advertisers needed to
today as The Times, it was
in the running of the
would share them. could be delivered far
reach new markets,
the first paper to roll off
country.
beyond London. including people who
a cylindrical press rather
• Published secretly to More readers,
• In 1850 the development had not previously
than the flat printing
avoid Stamp Duty, the more voters,
of the cable telegraph bought newspapers
block.
radical papers gained a
more papers system meant that because they had not
• Its production costs were
strong working-class
• From 1850 onward, news could travel vast been able to read.
so high that it depended
readership. As their
many more working- distances at high speed, • In 1896 The Daily
on the political parties
circulation grew, they
class people could and international news Mirror was launched
for money, and on
became increasingly
read – and middle- agencies like Reuters ‘By gentlewomen for
Government offices for
threatening to the
class men were able to and the Press Association gentlewomen’. This
information and news;
Government, which vote. A ‘responsible’ came into being.
experiment flopped;
its news was therefore
began to use force to press became an
women who did not yet
limited and lacked close them down, and increasingly important
...higher prices,
have the vote were not
impartiality. prosecuted people way of informing (and
and fewer
a powerful spending
• In 1789 it fell foul of the selling or owning controlling?) a literate radical papers force. The paper was
Government, when its unstamped papers. population. • It cost £500,000 to buy relaunched as The Daily
editor was jailed for libel • Between 1850 and 1860 and build the presses Illustrated Mirror, with
after publishing gossip
A challenge to
Stamp Duty was phased needed to print the Daily photos replacing the
about the King’s sons the Government out in an attempt to Mail, and staffing costs engravings; this helped
– an early example of the • In 1819, a peaceful bring prices down and were also high. to sell the paper.
Royal scandal stories trades union meeting squeeze out the more • These kinds of costs • By now rotary presses
which still create waves in where 400 people were dangerous radical press. made it difficult for the were churning out
our tabloid press today. mown down by mounted • Over the next 50 years, smaller, radical papers large newspapers
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