Cory Doctorow/Little Brother/52
"Maybe it has to get worse to get better, Van. Isn't that what you managed to clone six tags between home and Chavez High.
were saying? If everyone was getting pulled over "
It was war they wanted. It was war they'd get.
"That's not what I meant. I didn't mean you should get everyone
arrested. If you want to protest, join the protest movement. Do #
something positive. Didn't you learn anything from Darryl?
Anything?" If you ever decide to do something as stupid as build an
automatic terrorism detector, here's a math lesson you need to
"You're damned right I did," I said, losing my cool. "I learned learn first. It's called "the paradox of the false positive," and it's a
that they can't be trusted. That if you're not fighting them, you're doozy.
helping them. That they'll turn the country into a prison if we let
them. What did you learn, Van? To be scared all the time, to sit Say you have a new disease, called SuperAIDS. Only one in a
tight and keep your head down and hope you don't get noticed? million people gets SuperAIDS. You develop a test for Super
You think it's going to get better? If we don't do anything, this is AIDS that's 99 percent accurate. I mean, 99 percent of the time, it
as good as it's going to get. It will only get worse and worse from gives the correct result true if the subject is infected, and false if
now on. You want to help Darryl? Help me bring them down!" the subject is healthy. You give the test to a million people.
There it was again. My vow. Not to get Darryl free, but to bring One in a million people have SuperAIDS. One in a hundred
down the entire DHS. That was crazy, even I knew it. But it was people that you test will generate a "false positive" the test will
what I planned to do. No question about it. say he has SuperAIDS even though he doesn't. That's what "99
percent accurate" means: one percent wrong.
Van shoved me hard with both hands. She was strong from
school athletics fencing, lacrosse, field hockey, all the girls What's one percent of one million?
school sports and I ended up on my ass on the disgusting San
Francisco sidewalk. She took off and I didn't follow. 1,000,000/100 = 10,000
# One in a million people has SuperAIDS. If you test a million
random people, you'll probably only find one case of real Super
> The important thing about security AIDS. But your test won't identify one person as having Super
systems isn't how they work, it's how
they fail. AIDS. It will identify 10,000 people as having it.
That Your 99 percent accurate test will perform with 99.99 percent was the first line of my first blog post on Open Revolt, my
X inaccuracy. net site. I was writing as M1k3y, and I was ready to go to war.
> Maybe all the automatic screening is That's the paradox of the false positive. When you try to find
supposed to catch terrorists. Maybe it something really rare, your test's accuracy has to match the rarity
will catch a terrorist sooner or later. of the thing you're looking for. If you're trying to point at a single
The problem is that it catches us too,
even though we're not doing anything pixel on your screen, a sharp pencil is a good pointer: the pencil
wrong. tip is a lot smaller (more accurate) than the pixels. But a penciltip is no good at pointing at a single atom in your screen. For that,
> The more people it catches, the more you need a pointer a test that's one atom wide or less at the
brittle it gets. If it catches too many tip.
people, it dies.
> Get the idea? This is the paradox of the false positive, and here's how it applies to terrorism:
I pasted in my HOWTO for building a arphid cloner, and some
tips for getting close enough to people to read and write their tags. Terrorists are really rare. In a city of twenty million like New
I put my own cloner in the pocket of my vintage black leather York, there might be one or two terrorists. Maybe ten of them at
motocross jacket with the armored pockets and left for school. I the outside. 10/20,000,000 = 0.00005 percent. One twenty
thousandth of a percent.
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