Cory Doctorow/Little Brother/46
sheets of white paper). It's got lots of applications you can ask a computer to count
the lines in a picture and see if it's more like a "dog" line
I powered up the Xbox and watched as it came onto the screen. frequency histogram or a "cat" linefrequency histogram. It can
I was going to email Van and Jolu to tell them about the hassles find porn, bank fraud, and flamewars. Useful stuff.
with the cops, but as I put my fingers to the keyboard, I stopped
again. And it was bad news for the Xnet. Say you had the whole
Internet wiretapped which, of course, the DHS has. You can't
A feeling crept over me, one not unlike the feeling I'd had when tell who's passing Xnet packets by looking at the contents of those
I realized that they'd turned poor old Salmagundi into a traitor. packets, thanks to crypto.
This time, it was the feeling that my beloved Xnet might be
broadcasting the location of every one of its users to the DHS. What you can do is find out who is sending way, way more
encrypted traffic out than everyone else. For a normal Internet
It was what Dad had said: You ask the computer to create a surfer, a session online is probably about 95 percent cleartext, five
profile of an average record in a database and then ask it to find percent ciphertext. If someone is sending out 95 percent
out which records in the database are furthest away from average. ciphertext, maybe you could dispatch the computersavvy
equivalents of Booger and Zit to ask them if they're terrorist drug
The Xnet was secure because its users weren't directly dealer Xnet users.
connected to the Internet. They hopped from Xbox to Xbox until
they found one that was connected to the Internet, then they This happens all the time in China. Some smart dissident will
injected their material as undecipherable, encrypted data. No one get the idea of getting around the Great Firewall of China, which
could tell which of the Internet's packets were Xnet and which is used to censor the whole country's Internet connection, by
ones were just plain old banking and ecommerce and other using an encrypted connection to a computer in some other
encrypted communication. You couldn't find out who was tying country. Now, the Party there can't tell what the dissident is
the Xnet, let alone who was using the Xnet. surfing: maybe it's porn, or bombmaking instructions, or dirty
letters from his girlfriend in the Philippines, or political material,
But what about Dad's "Bayesian statistics?" I'd played with or good news about Scientology. They don't have to know. All
Bayesian math before. Darryl and I once tried to write our own they have to know is that this guy gets way more encrypted traffic
better spam filter and when you filter spam, you need Bayesian than his neighbors. At that point, they send him to a forced labor
math. Thomas Bayes was an 18th century British mathematician camp just to set an example so that everyone can see what
that no one cared about until a couple hundred years after he died, happens to smartasses.
when computer scientists realized that his technique for
statistically analyzing mountains of data would be superuseful for So far, I was willing to bet that the Xnet was under the DHS's
the modern world's infoHimalayas. radar, but it wouldn't be the case forever. And after tonight, I
wasn't sure that I was in any better shape than a Chinese dissident.
Here's some of how Bayesian stats work. Say you've got a bunch I was putting all the people who signed onto the Xnet in jeopardy.
of spam. You take every word that's in the spam and count how The law didn't care if you were actually doing anything bad; they
many times it appears. This is called a "word frequency were willing to put you under the microscope just for being
histogram" and it tells you what the probability is that any bag of statistically abnormal. And I couldn't even stop it now that the
words is likely to be spam. Now, take a ton of email that's not Xnet was running, it had a life of its own.
spam in the biz, they call that "ham" and do the same.
I was going to have to fix it some other way.
Wait until a new email arrives and count the words that appear
in it. Then use the wordfrequency histogram in the candidate I wished I could talk to Jolu about this. He worked at an
message to calculate the probability that it belongs in the "spam" Internet Service Provider called Pigspleen Net that had hired him
pile or the "ham" pile. If it turns out to be spam, you adjust the when he was twelve, and he knew way more about the net than I
"spam" histogram accordingly. There are lots of ways to refine the did. If anyone knew how to keep our butts out of jail, it would be
technique looking at words in pairs, throwing away old data him.
but this is how it works at core. It's one of those great, simple
ideas that seems obvious after you hear about it. Luckily, Van and Jolu and I were planning to meet for coffee the
next night at our favorite place in the Mission after school.
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155