gut health
References
1. G. Macfarlane and G.R. Gibson, “Metabolic Activities of the Normal
Colonic Flora,” in S.A.W. Gibson (Ed.), Human Health: The Contribution
of Micro-organisms (Springer-Verlag, London, UK, 1994) pp 17–52.
2. G.R. Gibson and M.B. Roberfroid, “Dietary Modulation of the Human
Colonic Microbiota: Introducing the Concept of Prebiotics,” J. Nutr.
125, 1401–1412 (1995).
3. G. Lebek and S.P. Luginbuhl, “Effects of Lactulose and Lactitol
on Human Intestinal Flora,” in H.O. Conn and J. Bircher (Eds.),
Hepatic Encephalopathy: Management with Lactulose and Related
Carbohydrates (Medi-Ed Press, East Lansing, Michigan, USA, 1989)
pp 271–282.
4. G.R. Gibson, J.H. Cummings and G. Macfarlane, “Growth and
Activities of Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria in Gut Contents of Healthy
Subjects and Patients with Ulcerative Colitis,” FEMS Microbiology
Ecology 86, 103–112 (1991).
5. R. Havenaar, “Microbial Investigations on the Cariogenicity of the
glycaemic index.
10
In some countries, including Japan and Sugar Subsitute Lactitol,” unpublished report from the Department
China, Litesse has been recognized for many years as a valu- of Preventive Dentistry and Oral Microbiology, University of Utrecht,
able source of dietary fibre. It can be used at high enough the Netherlands (1976).
levels in many applications so that fibre claims are possible. 6. R. Havenaar, et al., “Some Bacteriological Aspects of Sugar
Substitutes,” in B. Guggenheim (Ed), Health and Sugar Substitutes.
A study in China — using 120 subjects who consumed 4, 8 Proceedings of the ERGOB Conference. Geneva and Basel (Karger AG,
and 12 g per day of Litesse — showed positive physiological Basel, Switzerland, 1978) pp 192–198.
effects, such as significantly improved bowel function, no 7. T.H. Grenby and A. Philips, “Studies of the Dental Properties of
issues with abdominal distention/cramps, diarrhoea or hypo- Lactitol Compared with Five Other Bulk Sweeteners In Vitro,” Caries
glycaemia, a decrease in bacteroides concentration and an Res. 23, 315–319 (1989).
increase in Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium.
11
In addition, 8. J.S. van der Hoeven, “Cariogenicity of Lactitol in Program-Fed Rats,”
an increase in the faecal wet and dry weight and a decrease Caries Res. 20, 441–443 (1986).
in faecal pH proportional to the intake of Litesse, and an 9. T.H. Grenby and A. Philips, “Dental and Metabolic Observations on
increase in the production of short chain fatty acids — nota- Lactitol in Laboratory Rats,” Br. J. Nutr. 61, 17–24 (1989).
bly butyrate, isobutyrate and acetate — was also recorded. 10. S.A.S. Craig, et al., “Polydextrose as Soluble Fiber; Physiological and
Litesse is also non-glycaemic. Analytical Aspects,” Cereal Foods World 43(5), 370–376 (1998).
11. J. Zhong, et al., “Studies on the Effects of Polydextrose on
A Multifunctional Ingredient Physiological Function in Chinese People,” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72,
Litesse is a polysaccharide that is not digested by human 1503–1509 (2000).
digestive enzymes. It is not sweet and has only 1 kcal/g, and it 12. H. Mitchell, “The Role of Bulking Agent Polydextrose in Fat Replace-
can reduce fat and replace sugar in many applications. In some ment,” in S. Roller and S. Jones (Eds.), The Handbook of Fat Replac-
applications, such as reduced fat pastry, Litesse has a similar ers (CRC Press, London, UK, 1996).
functionality to fat but without the calories.
12
In dairy and frozen 13. F.G. McMahon, “Effects of Insulin and Glucose Kinetics in Diabetics;
desserts, for example, it can be used as a stabilizer and fat mi- 50 g dose 1 level: 21 CFR 177.841, 46R 30080,” FAP No. 9A 3441
metic. In physiological terms, Litesse has a negligible effect on (5 June 1981).
blood sugar levels and is metabolized independently of insulin, 14. H. Hara, T. Suzuki and Y. Aoyama, “Ingestion of the Soluble Dietary
contributing only one quarter the calories of sugar.
13
Fiber, Polydextrose, Increases Calcium Absorption and Bone Miner-
alization in Normal and Total Gastrectomized Rats,” Br. J. Nutr. 84,
Litesse and Calcium Absorption 655–661 (2000).
A study by Hara et al. has shown that dietary Litesse (5%)
increased calcium absorption and bone mineralization in
rats.
14
The feeding of Litesse for 21 days increased the bone
calcium concentration and apparent calcium absorption
For more information
when compared with the control or guar-gum hydrolysate-fed Helen Mitchell
rats. An acute Litesse supplementation also increased cal- Director of Applications, Danisco Sweeteners Ltd
cium absorption in the small intestine in vitro. On the basis 41–51 Brighton Road, Redhill RH1 6YS, UK.
of in vivo and in vitro rat trials, dietary Litesse may also have Tel. +44 1737 773 732 sweeteners@danisco.com
the potential to increase calcium absorption in humans.
14 nutraceutical business & technology may digital 2007 www.nutraceuticalmag.com
Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Page 14 Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18 Page 19 Page 20 Page 21 Page 22 Page 23 Page 24 Page 25 Page 26 Page 27 Page 28 Page 29 Page 30 Page 31 Page 32 Page 33 Page 34 Page 35 Page 36 Page 37 Page 38